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Epitaxy refers to a type of crystal growth or material deposition in which new crystalline layers are formed with one or more well-defined orientations with respect to the crystalline seed layer. The deposited crystalline film is called an epitaxial film or epitaxial layer. The relative orientation(s) of the epitaxial layer to the seed layer is defined in terms of the orientation of the crystal lattice of each material. For most epitaxial growths, the new layer is usually crystalline and each crystallographic domain of the overlayer must have a well-defined orientation relative to the substrate crystal structure. Epitaxy can involve single-crystal structures, although grain-to-grain epitaxy has been observed in granular films.

For most technological applications, single domain epitaxy, which is the growth of an overlayer crystal with one well-defined orientation with respect to the substrate crystal, is preferred. Epitaxy can also play an important role while growing superlattice structures.

A superlattice is a periodic structure of layers of two (or more) materials. Typically, the thickness of one layer is several nanometers. It can also refer to a lower-dimensional structure such as an array of quantum dots or quantum wires.

If the superlattice is made of two semiconductor materials with different band gaps, each quantum well sets up new selection rules that affect the conditions for charges to flow through the structure. The two different semiconductor materials are deposited alternately on each other to form a periodic structure in the growth direction. Since the 1970 proposal of synthetic superlattices by Esaki and Tsu,[11] advances in the physics of such ultra-fine semiconductors, presently called quantum structures, have been made. The concept of quantum confinement has led to the observation of quantum size effects in isolated quantum well heterostructures and is closely related to superlattices through the tunneling phenomena. Therefore, these two ideas are often discussed on the same physical basis, but each has different physics useful for applications in electric and optical devices.

Electrons can be made to move from one atom to another. When those electrons move between the atoms, a current of electricity is created. The electrons move from one atom to another in a path. One electron is ATTACHED and another electron is LOST.

The loss of electrons is called oxidation.

Free radicals are oxygen-containing molecules with an uneven number of electrons. The uneven number allows them to easily react with other molecules. Free radicals can cause large chain chemical reactions in your body because they react so easily with other molecules. These reactions are called oxidation

I'm ready to make a fool of myself in order to figure out viral shedding with the vaccine.

I had an encounter with a sibling, after she had just received the 3rd shot.😓 For the next 24 hours, I had almost nonstop palpitations. Now, I am not an anxious person whatsoever. We only came within 3 - 4 feet of each other. I did all of the basic protocols for viruses afterward.

Some people, especially those who have had NDEs, tend to have intense electromagnetic fields. We burn out electronics. If my energy is too strong, I can stop batteries, street lights, etc. from working. Then, when I move my energy away, they come back on. I'm what's called a SLIder. I have since learned to control this energy.

https://consciouslifenews.com/slider-phenomena-high-energy-people-causing-electronics-go-haywire/11117856/#

Could that personal "charge" of electrons cause a greater shift of viral shedding from one person to another? I have + energy. My sibling has -.

Critique away.

Males a lot of sense if we are talking about superparamanetic nanoparticles.

magnetic fields sweep invisibly through the entire body, all the time.

In France, around 1780, many Parisians believed in curing their illnesses by magnetism. ... Today, two hundred years later, we know that the human body is indeed magnetic in the sense that the body is a source of magnetic fields, but this body magnetism is very different from that imagined by Mesmer.

In vivo tracking of gene therapy vectors challenges the investigation and improvement of biodistribution of these agents in the brain, a key feature for their targeting of infiltrative malignant gliomas.

The glioma-targeting Ad5/3-cRGD gene therapy vector was covalently bound to super-paramagnetic iron oxide (Fe(3)O(4)) nanoparticles (SPION) to monitor its distribution by MRI. Transduction of labeled and unlabeled vectors was assessed on the U87 glioma cell line and normal human astrocytes (NHA), and was higher in U87 compared to NHA, but was similar between labeled and unlabeled virus. An in vivo study was performed by intracranial subcortical injection of labeled-Ad5/3-cRGD particles into a pig brain. The labeled vector appeared in vivo as a T2-weighted hyperintensity and a T2-gradient echo signal at the injection site, persisting up to 72 hours post-injection. We describe a glioma-targeting vector that is labeled with SPION, thereby allowing for MRI detection with no change in transduction capability

A novel adenoviral vector labeled with superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for real-time tracking of viral delivery
Jonathan Yun et al. J Clin Neurosci. 2012 Jun.

tracking of viral delivery?

Cell tracking is a useful technique to monitor specific cell populations for their morphology, development, proliferation, migration, interaction, function, and other properties, both in vitro and in vivo. Using different materials and methodologies to label the target cells directly or indirectly, the dynamic biological processes in living organisms can be visualized with appropriate detection techniques.

Viruses, with the unique ability to deliver exogenous genes into host cells, have been used as vectors to mediate gene transfer. Genetic labeling of target cells by viral vectors endows the cells to express reporter genes with high efficiency and specificity. In conjunction with corresponding imaging techniques, cells labeled with different genetic reporters mediated by different viral vectors can be monitored across spatial and temporal scales to fulfill various purposes and address different questions. In the present review, we introduce the basic principle of viral vectors in cell tracking and highlight the examples of cell tracking in various research areas.