We will be able to do that without devices soon. I prefer my entanglements to be natural.😉
Queue an on...
trickle
/ˈtrɪk(ə)l/
verb
1.
(of a liquid) flow in a small stream.
"a solitary tear trickled down her cheek"
We are the Variant. We infect the evil with the Power of God. "I'm still right here, giving blood, keeping faith."
trickle trickle trickle all our neck hairs prickle
A trick played by the mind; a delusion or illusion.
An act of manipulating someone psychologically, especially to gain an advantage.
We are the Variant. We infect the evil with the Power of God. "I'm still right here, giving blood, keeping faith."
like when obama rubbed pepper in his eye during a sandy hook speech?
The Tiers of a clown?
https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6845056
Evolution toward 5G multi-tier cellular wireless networks: An interference management perspective | IEEE Journals & Magazine | IEEE Xplore
The evolving fifth generation (5G) cellular wireless networks are envisioned to overcome the fundamental challenges of existing cellular networks, for example, higher data rates, excellent end-to-end performance, and user-coverage in hot-spots and crowded areas with lower latency, energy consumption..
https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6845056
We are the Variant. We infect the evil with the Power of God. "I'm still right here, giving blood, keeping faith."
Tiers of the Clown... pepper in the eyes..
Burning Tiers.
Burning Tires!
We are the Variant. We infect the evil with the Power of God. "I'm still right here, giving blood, keeping faith."
Burning Tires now being used as a form of renewable energy. Or rechargeable electric motors through tire friction while you drive.
Everything is connected! wowwww
Early names of Tyre include Akkadian Ṣurru, Phoenician Ṣūr (𐤑𐤓), and Hebrew Tzór (צוֹר).[10] In Semitic languages, the name of the city means "rock"[11] after the rocky formation on which the town was originally built.
The predominant form in Classical Greek was Týros (Τύρος), which was first seen in the works of Herodotus but may have been adopted considerably earlier.[10] It gave rise to Latin Tyrus, which entered English during the Middle English period as Tyre.[12] The demonym for Tyre is Tyrian, and the inhabitants are Tyrians.
From Ancient Greek Τῠ́ρος (Túros).
Pronunciation
IPA(key): /ˈtiɾos/
Hyphenation: Τυ‧ρος
Proper noun
Τύρος • (Týros) f
Tyre (a city in Lebanon)
τῠρῐνώτερος
as turinṓteros
ástur
Adjective
astur (epicene, plural astures)
Asturian
Astur
Latin
Etymology
Various etymologies exist:
From acceptor (“receiver”), with influence from accipiter.
From astēr (“star”), from Ancient Greek ἀστήρ (astḗr).
Astarte, also spelled Athtart or Ashtart, great goddess of the ancient Middle East and chief deity of Tyre, Sidon, and Elat, important Mediterranean seaports. Hebrew scholars now feel that the goddess Ashtoreth mentioned so often in the Bible is a deliberate conflation of the Greek name Astarte and the Hebrew word boshet, “shame,” indicating the Hebrews’ contempt for her cult.
As·tar·te (ə-stär′tē)
n. Mythology
An ancient Semitic goddess of love and war, being the Phoenician, Syrian, and Canaanite counterpart to Ishtar. In the Bible, her name sometimes appears in the plural, perhaps referring to a group of goddesses. Also called Ashtoreth.
Astarte (æˈstɑːtɪ)
n
(Other Non-Christian Religions) a fertility goddess worshipped by the Phoenicians: identified with Ashtoreth of the Hebrews and Ishtar of the Babylonians and Assyrians
British Museum EA 191, upper register of limestone stele of chief craftsman Qeh. Naked goddess identified as ‘Ke(d)eshet, lady of heaven’ flanked by the ithyphallic Egyptian god Min and Syro-Palestinian god Reshep. Deir el-Medina (Dynasty 19). Photograph © Trustees of the British Museum.
“Her name Qdš(-t) simply means ‘holy’. As such, it can be attached to almost any goddess, including the whole of the A-team: Anat, Astarte, Asherah and Athirat. The question is: did there exist an independent goddess named Qedeshet at all? She is not known from any Canaanite or Ugaritic texts or inscriptions. Rather, she only appears as a named goddess in Egypt. There, she is honoured with such typical titles as ‘Lady of heaven’ and ‘Mistress of all the gods’ — which are not specific to her but could equally apply to any goddess in Egypt
Resheph (also Reshef and many other variants; Phoenician: 𐤓𐤔𐤐, ršp; Eblaite Rašap, Egyptian ršpw) was a deity associated with plague (or a personification of plague), either war or strong protection,[1] and sometimes thunder in ancient Canaanite religion. The originally Eblaite and Canaanite god was then more famously adopted into ancient Egyptian religion in the late Bronze Age during the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt (late fifteenth century BC), also becoming associated with horses and chariots.
Resheph is known by a multitude of names, including Rahshaf, Rasap, Rashap, Resep, Reshef, Reshpu, Rapha, Repheth, and others that are not standardized.
In Biblical Hebrew, רֶשֶׁף resheph is a noun interpreted as "flame, lightning" but also "burning fever, plague, pestilence".
Egyptian limestone stele depicting Qetesh standing on a lion and wearing the headdress of Hathor, flanked by Min (left) and Resheph (right)
Probably introduced in Egypt by the Hyksos, Resheph was not assimilated into the Egyptian pantheon until the New Kingdom's Eighteenth Dynasty along with other Near Eastern deities. His consort was Itum.[20][21] He was frequently associated with Seth and Montu, other deities related to war and plague, but he also formed a triad with Min and Qetesh. Qetesh was connected with Hathor, but not synonymous with her.
He was usually depicted anthropomorphically, as a man brandishing a weapon, sporting a typical Syrian beard, and wearing the white crown of Egypt and/or a gazelle’s head on his own.[20][21] A temple dedicated to him is attested in Memphis, but he was likely worshipped in many Nile Delta regions. His cult survived well into the Ptolemaic Period.
During the rule of the Hyksos invaders (c. 1630–1521 BCE), Seth was worshipped at their capital, Avaris, in the northeastern Nile River delta, and was identified with the Canaanite storm god Baal. During the New Kingdom (1539–c. 1075 BCE), Seth was esteemed as a martial god who could sow discord among Egypt’s enemies. The Ramesside pharaohs (1292–c. 1075 BCE), originating in the northeastern delta, ranked him among the great gods of Egypt, used his name in their personal names (Seti I and Seti II, Setnakht), and promoted the image of Seth as the protector of Re in the prow of his bark, slaying Re’s enemy, Apopis. Seth also joined Amon, Re, and Ptah as the fourth of the principal gods of the cosmos.
Resheph was one of the Western Semitic gods adopted by the Hurrians (other examples include Ishara, Hebat and Eblaite war god Aštabi). He appears in Hurrian texts under the name Aršappa or Iršappa, often with the epithet "(tutelary god) of the market," and was among the gods incorporated into the pantheons of Samuha and the Hittite capital Hattusa under the influence of Hurrian religion.
Baal
The name 'Seti' means "of Set", which indicates that he was consecrated to the god Set (also termed "Sutekh" or "Seth"). As with most pharaohs, Seti had several names. Upon his ascension, he took the prenomen "mn-m3‘t-r‘ ", usually vocalized as Menmaatre, in Egyptian, which means "Established is the Justice of Re."[1] His better known nomen, or birth name, is transliterated as "sty mry-n-ptḥ" or Sety Merenptah, meaning "Man of Set, beloved of Ptah". Manetho incorrectly considered him to be the founder of the 19th Dynasty, and gave him a reign length of 55 years, though no evidence has ever been found for so long a reign.
In the Northwest Semitic languages—Ugaritic, Phoenician, Hebrew, Amorite, and Aramaic—the word baʿal signified "owner" and, by extension, "lord",[12] a "master", or "husband".[15][16] Cognates include the Akkadian Bēlu (𒂗),[c] Amharic bal (ባል),[17] and Arabic baʿl (بَعْل). Báʿal (בַּעַל) and baʿl still serve as the words for "husband" in modern Hebrew and Arabic respectively. They also appear in some contexts concerning the ownership of things or possession of traits.
The feminine form is baʿalah (Hebrew: בַּעֲלָה;[18] Arabic: بَعْلَة), meaning "mistress" in the sense of a female owner or lady of the house[18] and still serving as a rare word for "wife".[19]
Suggestions in early modern scholarship also included comparison with the Celtic god Belenus.
Belenus (also Belenos, Belinus, Bel, Beli Mawr) is a sun god from Celtic mythology and, in the 3rd century, the patron deity of the Italian city of Aquileia. Called the "Fair Shining One" (or "The Shining God"), he was one of the most ancient and most-widely worshiped Celtic deities and is associated with the ancient fire festival and modern Sabbat Beltane.[1] He was associated with the horse (as shown by the clay horse figurine offerings at Belenos's Sainte-Sabine shrine in Burgundy) and also the wheel. Perhaps like Apollo, with whom he became identified in the Augustan History,[2] Belenos was thought to ride the Sun across the sky in a horse-drawn chariot.
There are 51 known inscriptions dedicated to Belenus, mainly concentrated in Cisalpine Gaul (Aquileia/Carni), Noricum and Gallia Narbonensis, but also extend far beyond into Celtic Britain and Iberia.[2][4][5] Images of Belenus sometimes show him to be accompanied by a female, thought to be the Gaulish deity Belisama.[5] He may also have been accompanied by a female deity named Beléna, Beléstis, Beléstis Augústa, Beléstris or Belínca, a deity of light and health.
The 1350 BC Amarna letters use EN for bêlu, though not exclusively. The more common spelling is mostly 'be' + 'li', to make "bêlí", or its equivalent. Some example letters using cuneiform 'EN' are letters EA (for 'El Amarna') 252, EA 254, and EA 282,[3] titled: "A demand for recognition", by Abimilku; "Neither rebel or delinquent (2)", by Labayu; and "Alone", by Shuwardata.
Most of the uses are in the letter introduction, formulaic addresses to the pharaoh, stating typically to effect:
"To the King (pharaoh), Lord-mine, (speaking) thus...." EA 254
Bodies of the letters also repeat the phraseology of "King, my Lord", sometimes doubly as in letter EA 34, (using be-li, as bêlu), "The pharaoh's reproach answered", by the King of Alashiya.
Bel (/ˈbeɪl/; from Akkadian bēlu), signifying "lord" or "master", is a title rather than a genuine name, applied to various gods in the Mesopotamian religion of Akkad, Assyria and Babylonia. The feminine form is Belit 'Lady, Mistress'. Bel is represented in Greek as Belos and in Latin as Belus. Linguistically Bel is an East Semitic form cognate with the Northwest Semitic Baal with the same meaning.
Early translators of Akkadian believed that the ideogram for the god called in Sumerian Enlil was to be read as Bel in Akkadian. Current scholarship holds this as incorrect, but one finds Bel used in referring to Enlil in older translations and discussions.[1]
Bel became especially used for the Babylonian god Marduk and when found in Assyrian and neo-Babylonian personal names or mentioned in inscriptions in a Mesopotamian context it can usually be taken as referring to Marduk and no other god. Similarly Bêlit mostly refers to Bel Marduk's spouse Sarpanit. However, Marduk's mother, the Sumerian goddess called Ninhursag, Damkina, Ninmah and other names in Sumerian, was often known as Belit-ili "Lady of the Gods" in Akkadian.
En-hedu-ana, Akkadian 2285 BC – 2250 BC was the first known holder of the title, "En Priestess."
Enheduanna's contributions to Sumerian literature, definitively ascribed to her, include several personal devotions to Inanna and a collection of hymns known as the "Sumerian Temple Hymns". Further additional texts are ascribed to her.[6] This makes her the first named author in world history.[7]
She was the first known woman to hold the title of EN, a role of great political importance that was often held by royal daughters.[8] She was appointed to the role by her father, King Sargon of Akkad.
The Akkadian name is normalized as either Šarru-ukīn or Šarru-kēn. The name's cuneiform spelling is variously LUGAL-ú-kin, šar-ru-gen6, šar-ru-ki-in, šar-ru-um-ki-in.[14] In Old Babylonian tablets relating the legends of Sargon, his name is transcribed as 𒊬𒊒𒌝𒄀𒅔 (Šar-ru-um-ki-in).[15] In Late Assyrian references, the name is mostly spelled as LUGAL-GI.NA or LUGAL-GIN, i.e. identical to the name of the Neo-Assyrian king Sargon II.[16] The spelling Sargon is derived from the single mention of the name (in reference to Sargon II) in the Hebrew Bible, as סַרְגוֹן, in Isaiah 20:1.
The first element in the name is šarru, the Akkadian (East Semitic) for "king" (c.f. Hebrew sár שַׂר). The second element is derived from the verb kīnum "to confirm, establish" (related to Hebrew kūn כּוּן).[17]
A possible interpretation of the reading Šarru-ukīn is "the king has established (stability)" or "he [the god] has established the king". Such a name would however be unusual; other names in -ukīn always include both a subject and an object, as in Šamaš-šuma-ukīn "Shamash has established an heir".[16] There is some debate over whether the name was an adopted regnal name or a birth name.[18][19] The reading Šarru-kēn has been interpreted adjectivally, as "the king is established; legitimate", expanded as a phrase šarrum ki(e)num
Lugal (Sumerian: 𒈗) is the Sumerian term for "king, ruler". Literally, the term means "big man."[1] In Sumerian, lu "𒇽" is "man" and gal "𒃲" is "great," or "big."
(Balearic, Central, Valencian) IPA(key): /ˈɡal/
Adjective
gal (feminine gal·la, masculine plural gals, feminine plural gal·les)
Gaulish, Gallic (of or pertaining to Gaul)
Synonym: gàl·lic
Noun
gal m (plural gals, feminine gal·la)
Gaul (a person from Gaul)
Proper noun
gal m
Gaulish (Celtic language that was spoken in Gaul)
Synonym: gàl·lic
Gaul f (plural Gaule)
gall, bile
In Irish origin myths, Míl Espáine or Míl Espáne (later Latinized as Milesius; also Miled/Miledh) is the mythical ancestor of the final inhabitants of Ireland, the "sons of Míl" or Milesians, who represent the vast majority of the Irish Gaels. His father was Bile, son of Breogan.
Bilé[1] is a character in the Lebor Gabála Érenn, a medieval Christian history of Ireland and the Irish (or Gaels), and in the genealogies of John O'Hart based on this tradition. He is described as a king of Galicia, an ancestor of the Gaels, the son of Breogan, and the father of Milesius.[2]
The Lebor Gabála purports to be an account of the Gaels' descent from Adam through the sons of Noah and how they came to Ireland. The tale relates that the Gaels spent 440 years wandering the Earth and underwent a series of tribulations.[citation needed] Eventually, the Gaels sailed to Iberia and conquered it. There, one of their leaders, Breogán, founded a city called Brigantia and built a great tower. From the top of the tower, his son Íth glimpses Ireland. The Gaels—including some of Breogán's sons—sailed to Ireland from Brigantia and took it from the Tuatha Dé Danann, the Irish pagan gods.
Brigantia likely refers to A Coruña in Galicia (which was then known as Brigantium)[3] and Breogán's tower is likely based on the Tower of Hercules (which was built at A Coruña by the Romans) or the Tower of Babel. The idea that the Irish Gaels came from Iberia may be based on the similarity of the names Iberia and Hibernia and the names Galicia and Gael.[4]
In Hebrew and Christian tradition, Nimrod is considered the leader of those who built the Tower of Babel in the land of Shinar,[6] though the Bible never actually states this. Nimrod's kingdom included the cities of Babel, Erech, Akkad, and perhaps Calneh, in Shinar (Gen 10:10).[7] Flavius Josephus believed that it was likely under his direction that the building of Babel and its tower began; in addition to Josephus, this is also the view found in the Talmud (Chullin 89a, Pesahim 94b, Erubin 53a, Avodah Zarah 53b), and later midrash such as Genesis Rabba. Several of these early Judaic sources also assert that the king Amraphel, who wars with Abraham later in Genesis, is none other than Nimrod himself.
And Nimrod dwelt in Babel, and he there renewed his reign over the rest of his subjects, and he reigned securely, and the subjects and princes of Nimrod called his name Amraphel, saying that at the tower his princes and men fell through his means.
babel
/ˈbeɪb(ə)l/
noun: babel
a confused noise made by a number of voices.
"the babel of voices on the road"
clamour
din
racket
confused noise
tumult
uproar
hubbub
babble
babbling
shouting
yelling
screaming
commotion
chaos
bedlam
pandemonium
confusion
stramash
hullabaloo
row
car crash
charivari
Opposite:
silence
a confused situation.
According to recensions M and A of the Lebor Gabála Érenn, Fénius and his son Nél journeyed to the Tower of Babel (in recension B, it is Rifath Scot son of Gomer instead). Nél, who was trained in many languages, married Scota, daughter of Pharaoh Cingris of Egypt, producing their son Goidel Glas.
In the Lebor Gabála Érenn (11th century), he is said to be one of the 72 chieftains who built Nimrod's Tower of Babel, but travelled to Scythia after the tower collapsed.
According to the Auraicept na n-Éces, Fenius journeyed from Scythia together with Goídel mac Ethéoir, Íar mac Nema and a retinue of 72 scholars. They came to the plain of Shinar to study the confused languages at Nimrod's tower. Finding that the speakers had already dispersed, Fenius sent his scholars to study them, staying at the tower, coordinating the effort. After ten years, the investigations were complete, and Fenius created in Bérla tóbaide "the selected language", taking the best of each of the confused tongues, which he called Goídelc, Goidelic, after Goídel mac Ethéoir.
Gàidheal + -achd. Cognate with Irish Gaeltacht.
Pronunciation
IPA(key): /kɛː.əl̪ˠtəxk/
Proper noun
A' Ghàidhealtachd f (genitive Gàidhealtachd, plural Gàidhealtachdan)
Highlands
achd f
Denoting system of government
rìgh (“king”) + -achd → rìoghachd (“kingdom”)
Denoting religion
Crìostaidh (“Christian”) + -achd → Crìosdaidheachd (“Christianity”)
Denoting area
Gàidhealtachd (“Gaelic-speaking area, Gaeltacht”)
Denoting condition or quality
saor (“free”) + -achd → saorachd (“freedom”)
bàrd (“bard, poet”) + -achd → bàrdachd (“poetry”)
ealanta (“ingenious, expert, clever”) + -achd → ealantachd (“ingenuity, expertness, cleverness”)
milis (“sweet”) + -achd → mìlseachd (“sweetness”)
cothrom (“just, equitable”) + -achd → cothromachd (“equality”)
From Old Irish comthrom (“of the same weight”), equivalent to co- + trom.
Adjective
cothrom
(mathematics) even (not odd)
Antonym: còrr
Noun
cothrom m (genitive singular cothruim, plural cothroman)
chance, opportunity
balance, equilibrium, equity, impartiality
scales, balance (device)
justice
Derived terms
ana-cothrom (“disadvantage, unfairness”)
co-chothromach (“symmetrical”)
co-chothrom (“balance”)
cothromach (“fair, just, impartial”)
mì-chothrom (“disadvantage, unfairness”)
thoir cothrom do (“enable”)
Possibly related to corr (“projecting point, sticking out, head”).[1]
Pronunciation
IPA(key): /kʰɔːrˠ/
Noun
còrr m (indeclinable)
surplus, remnant, remainder, rest
Derived terms
an còrr
còrr is
Adjective
còrr
(mathematics) odd (not even)
an còrr
any more, anything else
An dèidh am bracaist cha do dh'ith iad an còrr. - After their breakfast they didn't eat anything else.
Na can an còrr! - Say no more!
ann an
in
A bheil e ann an taigh? ― Is he in a house?
From Middle Irish taige (compare Manx thie), a form of Old Irish tech, teg (compare modern Irish teach, tigh), from Proto-Celtic *tegos, from Proto-Indo-European *tegos (“cover, roof”).
Pronunciation
IPA(key): /tʰɤj/
Noun
taigh m (genitive singular taighe, plural taighean)
house, dwelling
Tha Seumas anns an taigh. ― James is in the house.
Seumas is Sheumais, which has given form to the Anglicised form of this name, Hamish.[3] In Irish, Seumas is the older form of the modern Séamas. Another earlier form of Séamas is Séamus, which is partially Anglicised as Seamus.
mais
plural of mai
arbre de mai m (plural arbres de mai)
maypole
be poles apart
Anubis or Inpu, Anpu in Ancient Egyptian (/əˈnjuːbɪs/;[1] Ancient Greek: Ἄνουβις, Egyptian: inpw, Coptic: ⲁⲛⲟⲩⲡ Anoup) is the Greek name of the god of death,
Anoup, Maia & Anen
From English May, from Middle English, from Old English, from Old French mai, from Latin māius (“Maia's month”), from Maia, a Roman earth goddess, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *magya (“she who is great”), from Proto-Indo-European base *meg- (“great”)
May m (plural Mays)
May (month)
Descendants
French: mai
Guianese Creole: mè
Haitian Creole: me
→ English: may
→ Persian: مه (me)
Cinco de Mayo
Descendants Edit
Bislama: mei
Pitcairn-Norfolk: Mieh
Tok Pisin: Mei
→ Bengali: মে (me)
→ Burmese: မေ (me)
→ Chichewa: Meyi
→ Dari: می (mê)
→ Hausa: Mayu
→ Hawaiian: Mei
→ Hindi: मई (maī)
→ Marshallese: Māe
→ Maori: Mei
→ Swahili: Mei
→ Tokelauan: Me
→ Tongan: Mē, Me
Maia bears the titles "wet nurse of the king", "educator of the god's body" and "great one of the harem". Her origin and relatives are not known. Apart from Tutankhamun, the Overseer of the Magazine Rahotep, the High Priest of Thoth, and scribes named Tetinefer and Ahmose are mentioned in inscriptions. Due to the close resemblance of Maia with Tutankhamun's sister Meritaten, it was suggested that the two are identical.
Mary /ˈmɛɹi/ is a feminine given name, the English form of the name Maria, which was in turn a Latin form of the Greek name Μαρία (María), found in the New Testament. Both variants reflect Syro-Aramaic Maryam, itself a variant of the Hebrew name מִרְיָם or Miryam.[1]
The name may have originated from the Egyptian language; it is likely derivative of the root mr "love; beloved" [2] (compare mry.t-ymn "Merit-Amun", i.e. "beloved of Amun").
The name was early etymologized as containing the Hebrew root mr "bitter" (cf. myrrh), or mry "rebellious". St. Jerome (writing c. 390), following Eusebius of Caesarea, translates the name as "drop of the sea" (stilla maris in Latin), from Hebrew מר mar "drop" (cf. Isaias 40:15) and ים yam "sea". This translation was subsequently rendered stella maris ("star of the sea") due to scribal error, whence Our Lady's title Star of the Sea.[2]Rashi, an 11th-century Jewish commentator on the Bible, wrote that the name was given to the sister of Moses because of the Egyptians' harsh treatment of Jews in Egypt. Rashi wrote that the Israelites lived in Egypt for 210 years, including 86 years of cruel enslavement that began at the time Moses' elder sister was born. Therefore, the girl was called Miriam, because the Egyptians made life bitter (מַר, mar) for her people.
Bisset wanted to legitimize a Scottish (as opposed to English) accession to the throne when Alexander III of Scotland died in 1286. At his coronation in 1249, Alexander himself heard his royal genealogy recited generations back to Scota. Bisset attempted to legitimize a Scottish accession by highlighting Scota's importance as the transporter of the Stone of Scone from Egypt during the exodus of Moses to Scotland. In 1296, the Stone was captured by Edward I of England and taken to Westminster Abbey. In 1323, Robert the Bruce used Bisset's legend connecting Scota to the Stone in an attempt to return it to Scone Abbey in Scotland.[8]
The 15th-century English chronicler John Hardyng later attempted to debunk Bisset's claims.
The Stone of Scone (/ˈskuːn/; Scottish Gaelic: An Lia Fàil, Scots: Stane o Scuin)—also known as the Stone of Destiny, and often referred to in England as The Coronation Stone—is an oblong block of red sandstone that has been used for centuries in the coronation of the monarchs of Scotland. It is also known as Jacob's Pillow Stone and the Tanist Stone, and as clach-na-cinneamhain in Scottish Gaelic.
TWO RINGED STONE
A CORONATION STONE
A
C
OR
ON
AT
IONS
TONE
A corona T ion S tone
late 19th century: from Spanish La Corona, literally ‘the crown’, originally a proprietary name.
The English tradition of crowning the May Queen does indeed seem to have its roots in the 19th century and was fuelled by the popularity of Tennyson's poem “The May Queen.” It seems to have evolved from a practice of selecting a “Lord and Lady” or “King and Queen” for a festival, carnival or just for the day.
k
in
G
Que
En
Lo r d
la d y
'It is as high as heaven, what canst thou do?' It is as the highnesses of heaven: take all the heights and elevations, all the spheres and altitudes of heaven, and try if thou canst reach them with thy short arm; yea, climb up the highest storeys, the loftiest pinnacles, […]
low (comparative lower, superlative lowest)
Close to the ground.
Of a pitch, at a lower frequency.
With a low voice or sound; not loudly; gently.
to speak low
Under the usual price; at a moderate price; cheaply.
He sold his wheat low.
In a low mean condition; humbly; meanly.
In a time approaching our own.
(astronomy) In a path near the equator, so that the declination is small, or near the horizon, so that the altitude is small; said of the heavenly bodies with reference to the diurnal revolution.
The moon runs low, i.e. comparatively near the horizon when on or near the meridian.
Derived terms
Terms derived from low (adverb)
high and low
Adverb
high and low (not comparable)
everywhere; all over the place
He searched high and low
Hi-lo, a type of hemline
Hi/Lo algorithm a database key generation algorithm
Digital ion traps operate by substituting sinusoidal waves commonly used to trap ions with square waves which have high and low states. The key operating parameter in digital ion traps is the duty cycle which is the ratio of the time spent in the high state over the period of the square wave.
🕯
The fluorescence of a single dipole excited by an intense light pulse can lead to the generation of another light pulse containing a single photon. The influence of the duration and energy of the excitation pulse on the number of photons in the fluorescence pulse is studied. The case of a two-level dipole
with strongly damped coherences is considered. The presence of a metastable state leading to shelving is also investigated.
https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/25289837.pdf
re•con•ver•sion
n. A second or renewed conversion; also, a conversion back to a previous belief.
n. A second conversion.
n. action of converting something again
From re- + conversion. See also to convert.
(intransitive) To undergo a conversion of religion, faith or belief
We’ve converted to Methodism.
(intransitive) To become converted.
(transitive, obsolete) To cause to turn; to turn.
1600, Ben Jonson, Cynthia's Revels
O, which way shall I first convert myself?
(transitive, logic) To change (one proposition) into another, so that what was the subject of the first becomes the predicate of the second.
(transitive, obsolete) To turn into another language; to translate.
From Middle English translacioun (“movement between two places; transfer of a bishop from one see to another; transfer of a saint’s relics from one place to another; feast day celebrating the transfer of a saint’s relics; transfer of dominion or rulership from one person to another; (law) settlement of a transfer of property; assumption into heaven; miraculous transformation; radical change of condition; replacement of religious laws or priests by new ones; act of translating from one language to another; the product of this act”) [and other forms],[1] and then:
Trānsferō is derived from trāns- (prefix meaning ‘beyond’) + ferō (“to bear, carry”) (the present stem ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *bʰer- (“to bear, carry”) and the perfect stem from *telh₂- (“to bear, endure; to undergo”)). The English word may be analysed as translate + -ion.
In molecular biology and genetics, translation is the process in which ribosomes in the cytoplasm or endoplasmic reticulum synthesize proteins after the process of transcription of DNA to RNA in the cell's nucleus. The entire process is called gene expression.
Gene expression is a fundamental life process providing a bridge between information encoded within a gene and a final functional gene product, such as a protein or non-coding RNA (ncRNA). For protein expression, it is a multi-stage process that includes transcription, mRNA splicing, translation, and post-translational protein modification.
1. Description of mRNA Splicing
Transcription and processing (which includes splicing) of the newly made mRNA occurs in the nucleus of the cell.
Once a mature mRNA transcript is made it is transported to the cytoplasm for translation into protein
Antibody, also called immunoglobulin, a protective protein produced by the immune system in response to the presence of a foreign substance,
Plasma cells make immunoglobulins, which are also known as antibodies. If you have an infection, your bone marrow makes more plasma cells and immunoglobulins. The immunoglobulins travel in your blood and help to fight viruses or bacteria in the body.
If you have myeloma, the myeloma cells make an abnormal immunoglobulin which cannot fight infection. This is sometimes called a paraprotein or M protein.
You may also make less normal immunoglobulins than usual. This also makes it harder for your body to fight infection.
There are 5 immunoglobulins. These are IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG or IgM. The ‘Ig’ is short for immunoglobulin.
Different types of myeloma are named after the abnormal immunoglobulin (paraprotein) the myeloma cells make. The most common type of myeloma is IgG.
Immunoglobulins are made up of both:
2 matching and shorter light chains (proteins)
2 matching and longer heavy chains.
There are 2 types of light chain. They are called kappa and lambda.
There are 5 types of heavy chain called A, D, E, G and M. Immunoglobulins are named after the type of heavy chain they have.
An immunoglobulin:
Plasma cells, also called plasma B cells, are white blood cells that originate in the Lymphoid organs by B Lymphocytes and secrete large quantities of proteins called antibodies in response to being presented specific substances called antigens
All coronaviruses share very similar structures. The viral genome encodes several proteins of unique functions, including Spike protein, N protein, HE protein, papain-like proteases, and M protein. The two antigens of main pharmaceutical interest are the S (spike) protein and the N protein.
When the body is exposed to a pathogen, like a virus, the immune system creates antibodies against the pathogen. Those antibodies stay in the blood. The next time the body is exposed to that pathogen, the antibodies attack it before it can make us sick.
No. There is currently no vaccine available that will prevent HIV infection or treat those who have it
While there are effective antiviral treatments available for people with HIV, there is presently no vaccine to prevent it.
The Difference Between Covid-19 And HIV/AIDS
A critical difference between AIDS and the current pandemic is that Covid-19 can be controlled by public health means.
https://www.forbes.com/sites/williamhaseltine/2020/10/05/the-difference-between-covid-19-and-hivaids/?sh=367b01a934f6
"A critical difference between AIDS and Covid-19 is that Covid-19 can be controlled by public health means. That continues to be much more difficult for HIV/AIDS."
It has never been possible to contain HIV/AIDS in any country at this remarkable level of effectiveness despite more than 35 years of strenuous public health measures and intense biomedical research.
Strategies are different for containing Covid-19 and AIDS because their means of transmission and patterns of infection are different. HIV/AIDS primarily is transmitted sexually, secondarily by needle sharing. Public health approaches to modifying sexual practices, such as limiting the number of partners or promoting condom use, can be partially effective over time but have never been sufficient to tame the AIDS pandemic. Moreover, HIV infection is for life. Those infected are potentially contagious to others for a decade or more.
Covid-19 on the other hand is airborne.
There is currently no evidence that the COVID-19virus is transmitted through semen or vaginal fluids, but the virus has been detected in the semen of people who have or are recovering from the virus. Further research is needed to determine if the COVID-19virus could be transmitted sexually.
"The SARS-CoV-2 virus quickly peaks within a few days of infection, then rapidly fades. Most people are contagious to others for no more than a week to ten days."
Viruses that come to stay
Some linger in the body for a lifetime.
The one causing Covid-19
probably isn’t one of them,
but it and others can create mischief long after the immune system appears to have banished them.
Virologists call the ability of certain viruses to stick around for months or years, even after a person feels better, “persistence.” A subset of persistent viruses can go “latent,” when the viruses all but disappear, leaving only their genetic material around so they can reemerge later.
Fauci has been at the forefront of U.S. efforts to contend with viral diseases like HIV/AIDS, SARS, the Swine flu, MERS, Ebola, and COVID-19. He played a significant role in the early 2000s in creating the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR)[14] and in driving development of biodefense drugs and vaccines following the 9/11 terrorist attacks.[15]
Fauci has been a visiting professor at many medical centers and has received numerous honorary doctorates from universities in the U.S. and abroad.[16]
Fauci has contributed to the understanding of how HIV destroys the body's natural defense system, progressing to AIDS. He has outlined the mechanisms of induction of HIV expression by endogenous cytokines.[18] Fauci has worked to develop strategies for the therapy and immune reconstitution of patients with the disease, as well as for a vaccine to prevent HIV infection. His current research is concentrated on identifying the nature of the immunopathogenic mechanisms of HIV infection and the scope of the body's immune responses to HIV.
In a range of experiments, scientists have reactivated resting immune cells that were latently infected with HIV or its monkey relative, SIV, in cells in the bloodstream and a variety of tissues in animals. As a result, the cells started making copies of the viruses, which could potentially be neutralized by anti-HIV drugs and the immune system
Virus latency (or viral latency) is the ability of a pathogenic virus to lie dormant (latent) within a cell, denoted as the lysogenic part of the viral life cycle.[1] A latent viral infection is a type of persistent viral infection which is distinguished from a chronic viral infection. Latency is the phase in certain viruses' life cycles in which, after initial infection, proliferation of virus particles ceases. However, the viral genome is not eradicated. The virus can reactivate and begin producing large amounts of viral progeny (the lytic part of the viral life cycle) without the host becoming reinfected by new outside virus, and stays within the host indefinitely.[2]
"the viral genome is not eradicated."
Virus genomes originated from fragments of cellular prokaryotic or eukaryotic genomes (or both) and became autonomous and infectious,
presumably
through the acquisition of capsid genes.
Some viruses are enveloped, meaning that the capsid is coated with a lipid membrane known as the viral envelope. The envelope is acquired by the capsid from an intracellular membrane in the virus' host; examples include the inner nuclear membrane, the Golgi membrane, and the cell's outer membrane.[7]
Once the virus has infected a cell and begins replicating itself, new capsid subunits are synthesized using the protein biosynthesis mechanism of the cell. In some viruses, including those with helical capsids and especially those with RNA genomes, the capsid proteins co-assemble with their genomes. In other viruses, especially more complex viruses with double-stranded DNA genomes, the capsid proteins assemble into empty precursor procapsids that includes a specialized portal structure at one vertex. Through this portal, viral DNA is translocated into the capsid.[8]
Structural analyses of major capsid protein (MCP) architectures have been used to categorise viruses into lineages. For example, the bacteriophage PRD1, the algal virus Paramecium bursaria Chlorella virus (PBCV-1), mimivirus and the mammalian adenovirus have been placed in the same lineage, whereas tailed, double-stranded DNA bacteriophages (Caudovirales) and herpesvirus belong to a second lineage.[9][10][11][12]
"lipid membrane known as the viral envelope"
Lipid membranes containing chlorophyll are photosensitive; if such membranes are separated by solutions of different redox potentials, illumination causes a charge movement and generation of a photopotential (4).
photopotential
Pronunciation /ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)pəˈtɛnʃl/
NOUN
An electric potential generated by light.
“Solid lipid nanoparticles, or lipid nanoparticles, are nanoparticles composed of lipids."
nanoparticle
/ˈnanə(ʊ)ˌpɑːtɪk(ə)l/
noun
plural noun: nanoparticles
a nanoscale particle.
How do nanoparticles glow?
Fluorescent materials give off photons of light after being excited by photons from an outside source. ... Yong Zhang at the National University of Singapore and his colleagues invented upconverting nanoparticles that emit either red or green light, depending on the wavelength of the infrared radiation used to excite them
The unique physicochemical characteristics of nanoparticles have recently gained increasing attention in a diverse set of applications, particularly in the biomedical field. However, concerns about the potential toxicological effects of nanoparticles remain, as they have a higher tendency to generate excessive amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Due to the strong oxidation potential, the excess ROS induced by nanoparticles can result in the damage of biomolecules and organelle structures and lead to protein oxidative carbonylation, lipid peroxidation, DNA/RNA breakage, and membrane structure destruction, which further cause necrosis, apoptosis, or even mutagenesis.
Opsins are a group of proteins made light-sensitive via the chromophore retinal found in photoreceptor cells of the retina. Five classical groups of opsins are involved in vision, mediating the conversion of a photon of light into an electrochemical signal, the first step in the visual transduction cascade. Another opsin found in the mammalian retina, melanopsin, is involved in circadian rhythms and pupillary reflex but not in vision.
Gene expression is a tightly regulated process that allows a cell to respond to its changing environment. It acts as both an on/off switch to control when proteins are made and also a volume control that increases or decreases the amount of proteins made. There are two key steps involved in making a protein, transcription and translation.
Optogenetics – the use of optically-activated proteins to control neuronal function – is a recent development in neuroscience methodology. Optogenetic techniques provide a means of activating or inhibiting distinct populations of neurons with an unprecedented degree of spatial, temporal, and neurochemical precision. Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2), an algal protein from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, is a light-activated cation channel capable of inducing depolarization and action potentials in neurons. Three protocols are presented in this unit for the use of ChR2, with emphasis on technical aspects of fiber optics. The first describes the use of ChR2 in electrophysiological recordings from brain slices. The second and third involve the use of ChR2 in vivo, with light delivered through chronic fiber implants or guide cannula.
Keywords: Optogenetics, channelrhodopsin, ChR2, optical, light, laser, LED
"Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2), an algal protein from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, is a light-activated cation channel capable of inducing depolarization and action potentials in neurons."
depolarization (countable and uncountable, plural depolarizations)
The act of depriving of polarity, or the result of such action; reduction to an unpolarized condition.
polarity (countable and uncountable, plural polarities)
The separation, alignment or orientation of something into two opposed poles.
Either of the two extremes of such attributes.
(chemistry) The dipole-dipole intermolecular forces between the slightly positively-charged end of one molecule to the negative end of another or the same molecule. Wp
(embryology) The division of an embryo into an animal pole and a vegetal pole within a blastula.
wp (microbiology) Spatial differences in shape, structure, and function within a cell. Wp
(electricity) A measure of the electrical potential at the ends of a circuit. Wp
(physics) The direction of a wave's amplitude or its being in phase or antiphase.
(grammar) The grammatical category of the affirmative and the negative. Wp
(projective geometry) A duality that is an involution, i.e. has order two. Wp
(mathematics) An indicator of the positivity or negativity of a literal. Wp
(politics) Any of the various ways in which power is distributed within the international system. Wp
(gender) The concept of dualism between masculine and feminine. Wp
(physics) Ellipsis of magnetic polarity
(geometry) Ellipsis of trilinear polarity
Derived terms
magnetic polarity
trilinear polarity
polarity epoch
P O L A A R I S U U K S I N E E N
sine curve
noun: sine wave
a curve representing periodic oscillations of constant amplitude as given by a sine function.
aris (plural arises)
(Cockney rhyming slang) arse
😉
arise (v.)
Old English arisan "to get up from sitting, kneeling, or lying; have a beginning, come into being or action, spring from, originate; spring up, ascend" (cognate with Old Saxon arisan, Gothic urreisan), from a- (1) "of" + rise (v.).
Tell him to get off his arse and do some work for once.
once
1.
on one occasion or for one time only.
Similar:
on one occasion
one time
one single time
one chance
chance
1
a the unknown and unpredictable element that causes an event to result in a certain way rather than another, spoken of as a real force
b (as modifier)
fortune; luck; fate
3 an opportunity or occasion
4 a risk; gamble
Taking a risk... be daring for once!
beading
1.
the craft or pastime of stringing beads together to make jewellery or other decorative items.
"they'll have wire or string and the other tools you need to get into beading"
decoration in the form of beads.
"a matching blue shawl with sparkling beading"
2.
decoration or ornamental moulding resembling a string of beads or having a semicircular cross section.
"elaborate wooden beading adorned the ceiling"
3.
the bead of a tyre.
bead
/biːd/
verb
gerund or present participle: beading
1.
decorate or cover with beads.
"I beaded the jacket by hand"
string (beads) together.
"seashells beaded into belts"
2.
cover (a surface) with drops of moisture.
"his face was beaded with perspiration"
Origin
Old English gebed ‘prayer’, of Germanic origin; related to Dutch bede and German Gebet, also to bid2. Current senses derive from the use of a rosary, each bead representing a prayer.
From raie + -er. Found in Old French as roier. Cf. however also Old French raier, rayer, possibly from Latin radiāre.
radius (“spoke of a wheel”) + -ō.
Pronunciation
(Classical) IPA(key): /ˈra.di.oː/, [ˈɾäd̪ioː]
(Ecclesiastical) IPA(key): /ˈra.di.o/, [ˈrɑːd̪iɔ]
Verb
radiō (present infinitive radiāre, perfect active radiāvī, supine radiātum); first conjugation
(active) I cause to radiate, irradiate.
(passive) I radiate, emit beams.
(God bless you all).
Although optical tweezers based on far-fields have proven highly successful for manipulating objects larger than the wavelength of light, they face difficulties at the nanoscale because of the diffraction-limited focused spot size. This has motivated interest in trapping particles with plasmonic nanostructures, as they enable intense fields confined to sub-wavelength dimensions.
A fundamental issue with plasmonics, however, is Ohmic loss, which results in the water, in which the trapping is performed, being heated and to thermal convection. Here we demonstrate the trapping and rotation of nanoparticles using a template-stripped plasmonic nanopillar incorporating a heat sink. Our simulations predict an ~100-fold reduction in heating compared with previous designs. We further demonstrate the stable trapping of polystyrene particles, as small as 110 nm in diameter, which can be rotated around the nanopillar actively, by manual rotation of the incident linear polarization, or passively, using circularly polarized illumination.
Controlling the polarization state and the propagation direction of photons is a fundamental prerequisite for many nanophotonic devices and a precursor for future on-chip communication, where the emission properties of individual emitters are particularly relevant. Here, we report on the emission of partially circularly polarized photons by a linear dipole. The underlying effect is linked to the near-field part of the angular spectrum of the dipole, and it occurs in any type of linear dipole emitter, ranging from atoms and quantum dots to molecules and dipole-like antennas. We experimentally observe it by near-field to far-field transformation at a planar dielectric interface and numerically demonstrate the utility of this phenomenon by coupling the circularly polarized light to the individual paths of crossing waveguides.
INTRODUCTION
Although dipole emitters represent the most fundamental and well-understood sources of photons, recent studies still reveal peculiar effects in their emission characteristics. For instance, different combinations of electric and/or magnetic dipole moments can result in highly directional far-field emission (1), spin segmentation (2, 3), well-defined far-field helicities (4, 5), and directional near-field coupling (6, 7). These findings led to various applications in nano-optical experiments, ranging from single-atom optical isolators (8, 9) and deterministic single-photon waveguide couplers (10) to position sensing (11), polarization-dependent switching (12), chirality enhancement (13), and the design of novel meta-surfaces (14), to name a few.
In this letter, we investigate the angular spectrum of a linear electric dipole and reveal the occurrence of partially circularly polarized light in the evanescent (nonpropagating near-field) part of the k space. This circular polarization can be separated into two different components: fields spinning transverse with respect to the propagation direction of the individual evanescent waves—an effect referred to as transverse spin that has been intensely investigated in recent years (15–21)—and fields spinning around the propagation direction similar to circular polarization in paraxial beams of light, which we refer to as longitudinal spin (17).
For the demonstration of the latter, we experimentally couple the longitudinal spin of the near field to the far field—where it can be observed as circularly polarized light—by introducing an optically denser medium in close proximity to the dipole. Furthermore, we elaborate on the practical implications of this circularly polarized emission in a waveguide coupling arrangement.
Emission of circularly polarized light by a linear dipole | Science Advances
Controlling the polarization state and the propagation direction of photons is a fundamental prerequisite for many nanophotonic devices and a precursor for future on-chip communication, where the emission properties of individual emitters are particularly relevant. Here, we report on the emission of..
https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/5/6/eaav7588
The dipole antenna (Figure 5.19) is one of the simple and widely used antennas in ZigBee applications. ... The radiation pattern of a dipole in three dimensions (Figure 5.20b) resembles a donut and is often referred to as the donut-shaped radiation pattern. The polarization is linear.
The full-wavelength dipole antenna is more directional than the shorter quarter-wavelength dipole antenna. ... When viewed in the x-y plane (for a dipole oriented along the z-axis), the E-field is in the -y direction, and consequently the dipole antenna is vertically polarized.
consequent (adj.)
early 15c., "conclusive, logical," also "following as an effect or result," from Old French consequent "following, resulting" and directly from Latin consequentem (nominative consequens) "following, consequent," present participle of consequi "to follow after," from assimilated form of com "with, together" (see con-) + sequi "to follow" (from PIE root *sekw- (1) "to follow"). Related: Consequently.
When light is elliptically polarized, the electric field (E field) vector rotates with respect to a Cartesian coordinate system as it propagates. ... If both components have equal magnitudes and the phase shift of the y component relative to the x component is +π/2 or -π/2, the light is circularly polarized.
In optics, a diffraction grating is an optical component with a periodic structure that splits and diffracts light into several beams travelling in different directions. The emerging coloration is a form of structural coloration.[1][2] The directions of these beams depend on the spacing of the grating and the wavelength of the light so that the grating acts as the dispersive element. Because of this, gratings are commonly used in monochromators and spectrometers.
Splitting light
White light is a mixture of all colours of light. This mixture can be split into different colours using a transparent block called a prism. Prisms are specially shaped so that light passing through them bends. Some colours bend more than others as they pass through the prism, so they split apart.
Photon polarization is the quantum mechanical description of the classical polarized sinusoidal plane electromagnetic wave. An individual photon can be described as having right or left circular polarization, or a superposition of the two. Equivalently, a photon can be described as having horizontal or vertical linear polarization, or a superposition of the two.
The connection with quantum mechanics is made through the identification of a minimum packet size, called a photon, for energy in the electromagnetic field. The identification is based on the theories of Planck and the interpretation of those theories by Einstein. The correspondence principle then allows the identification of momentum and angular momentum (called spin), as well as energy, with the photon.
The quantum polarization state vector for the photon, for instance, is identical with the Jones vector, usually used to describe the polarization of a classical wave.
In optics, polarized light can be described using the Jones calculus, discovered by R. C. Jones in 1941. Polarized light is represented by a Jones vector, and linear optical elements are represented by Jones matrices. When light crosses an optical element the resulting polarization of the emerging light is found by taking the product of the Jones matrix of the optical element and the Jones vector of the incident light. Note that Jones calculus is only applicable to light that is already fully polarized. Light which is randomly polarized, partially polarized, or incoherent must be treated using Mueller calculus.
Some time before the discovery of quantum mechanics people realized that the connection between light waves and photons must be of a statistical character. What they did not clearly realize, however, was that the wave function gives information about the probability of one photon being in a particular place and not the probable number of photons in that place.
The importance of the distinction can be made clear in the following way. Suppose we have a beam of light consisting of a large number of photons split up into two components of equal intensity. On the assumption that the beam is connected with the probable number of photons in it, we should have half the total number going into each component. If the two components are now made to interfere, we should require a photon in one component to be able to interfere with one in the other. Sometimes these two photons would have to annihilate one another and other times they would have to produce four photons. This would contradict the conservation of energy. The new theory, which connects the wave function with probabilities for one photon gets over the difficulty by making each photon go partly into each of the two components. Each photon then interferes only with itself. Interference between two different photons never occurs.
Essentially, the researchers tricked the photons—which are intrinsically non-magnetic—into behaving like charged electrons.
In physics, a magnetic photon is a hypothetical particle. It is a mixture of even and odd C-parity states and, unlike the normal photon, does not couple to leptons. It is predicted by certain extensions of electromagnetism to include magnetic monopoles. There is no experimental evidence for the existence of this particle, and several versions[1] have been ruled out by negative experiments.[2]
The magnetic photon was predicted in 1966 by Nobel laureate Abdus Salam.
In particle physics, a magnetic monopole is a hypothetical elementary particle that is an isolated magnet with only one magnetic pole (a north pole without a south pole or vice versa).[1][2] A magnetic monopole would have a net "magnetic charge". Modern interest in the concept stems from particle theories, notably the grand unified and superstring theories, which predict their existence.
Many early scientists attributed the magnetism of lodestones to two different "magnetic fluids" ("effluvia"), a north-pole fluid at one end and a south-pole fluid at the other, which attracted and repelled each other in analogy to positive and negative electric charge.[7][8] However, an improved understanding of electromagnetism in the nineteenth century showed that the magnetism of lodestones was properly explained not by magnetic monopole fluids, but rather by a combination of electric currents, the electron magnetic moment, and the magnetic moments of other particles. Gauss's law for magnetism, one of Maxwell's equations, is the mathematical statement that magnetic monopoles do not exist. Nevertheless, Pierre Curie pointed out in 1894[9] that magnetic monopoles could conceivably exist, despite not having been seen so far.
A magnetic dipole is something whose magnetic field is predominantly or exactly described by the magnetic dipole term of the multipole expansion. The term dipole means two poles, corresponding to the fact that a dipole magnet typically contains a north pole on one side and a south pole on the other side. This is analogous to an electric dipole, which has positive charge on one side and negative charge on the other.
However, an electric dipole and magnetic dipole are fundamentally quite different. In an electric dipole made of ordinary matter, the positive charge is made of protons and the negative charge is made of electrons, but a magnetic dipole does not have different types of matter creating the north pole and south pole. Instead, the two magnetic poles arise simultaneously from the aggregate effect of all the currents and intrinsic moments throughout the magnet. Because of this, the two poles of a magnetic dipole must always have equal and opposite strength, and the two poles cannot be separated from each other.
As the distance from the axis of revolution decreases, the ring torus becomes a horn torus, then a spindle torus, and finally degenerates into a double-covered sphere.
