The most dangerous frequencies of electromagnetic energy are X-rays, gamma rays, ultraviolet light and microwaves. X-rays, gamma rays and UV light can damage living tissues, and microwaves can cook them.
10 out of 10 people die... Do you still feel special?
from my understanding...
ionizing radiation is the most dangerous to cells... gamma/xray waves
non-ionizing radiation is still bad, but does not mutate cells into cancer at the level ionizing does ... micro/radio waves
Who better to ask?
https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/radiation-ionizing-radiation
Ionizing radiation is radiation with enough energy that to remove tightly bound electrons from the orbit of an atom, causing that atom to become charged or ionized.
Here we are concerned with only one type of radiation, ionizing radiation, which occurs in two forms: waves or
particles.
Ionizing radiation is any type of particle or electromagnetic wave that carries enough energy to ionize or remove electrons from an atom.
Ionizing radiation is a type of energy released by atoms that travels in the form of electromagnetic waves (gamma or X-rays) or particles (neutrons, beta or alpha). The spontaneous disintegration of atoms is called radioactivity, and the excess energy emitted is a form of ionizing radiation.
the excess energy emitted is a form of ionizing radiation.
A radical ion is a free radical species that carries a charge.
Electron ionization (EI, formerly known as electron impact ionization and electron bombardment ionization) is an ionization method in which energetic electrons interact with solid or gas phase atoms or molecules to produce ions. EI was one of the first ionization techniques developed for mass spectrometry.
The high energy electrons come from an 'electron gun' which is a hot wire filament with a current running through it that emits electrons. This usually knocks off one electron from each particle forming a 1+ ion.
Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) are the most extensively used functional nanomaterials as antibacterial agents, and for other biomedical applications due to their unique physical, chemical, magnetic and biocompatibility properties.
Applications of iron oxide nanoparticles include terabit magnetic storage devices, catalysis, sensors, superparamagnetic relaxometry, high-sensitivity biomolecular magnetic resonance imaging, magnetic particle imaging, magnetic fluid hyperthermia, separation of biomolecules, and targeted drug and gene delivery for medical diagnosis and therapeutics. These applications require coating of the nanoparticles by agents such as long-chain fatty acids, alkyl-substituted amines, and diols.[citation needed] They have been used in formulations for supplementation.
Electrophoresis is a laboratory technique used to separate DNA, RNA, or protein molecules based on their size and electrical charge. An electric current is used to move molecules to be separated through a gel.
"An electric current is used to move molecules to be separated"
dipole moment
PHYSICS•CHEMISTRY
the mathematical product of the separation
of the ends
of a dipole
and the magnitude of the charges.
Piezoelectricity is the electric charge that accumulates in certain solid materials in response to applied mechanical stress.
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Acoustic levitation is a method for suspending matter in air against gravity using acoustic radiation pressure from high intensity sound waves. It works on the same principles as acoustic tweezers by harnessing acoustic radiation forces.
Ultrasound is sound waves with frequencies higher than the upper audible limit of human hearing. Ultrasound is not different from "normal" (audible) sound in its physical properties, except that humans cannot hear it. ... Ultrasonic devices are used to detect objects and measure distances.
Ultrasound waves can be generated by material with a piezoelectric effect. The piezoelectric effect is a phenomenon exhibited by the generation of an electric charge in response to a mechanical force (squeeze or stretch) applied on certain materials.
A promising approach for wireless and non-invasive neural stimulation is represented by the exploitation of piezoelectric nanomaterials [11].
When subjected to mechanical deformations, piezoelectric nanotransducers are able to generate electric potentials on their surface by virtue of the direct piezoelectric effect [12];
moreover, their activation can successfully be obtained by choosing various sources of mechanical stimulation, including vibration plates [13], sounds [14], and ultrasounds (USs) [15].
In this context, USs are able to penetrate biological tissues at a considerable depth (even tens of centimeters, depending on tissue acoustic impedance and US frequency [16]), and can be efficiently focalized through hyperlenses in the specific region where piezoelectric nanoparticles are located, thus allowing for a remote stimulation with high spatial resolution [17].
Recently, exciting findings reported successful neural stimulation in vitro by synergic exploitation of piezoelectric nanotransducers and USs [18–20].
The reduced size and the biocompatibility of piezoelectric nanoparticles, that will extensively be described in this paper, thus promise improved performances with respect to the invasiveness of the traditional mesoscale electrodes.
piezoelectric crystal in British English
(paɪˌiːzəʊɪˈlɛktrɪk ) a crystal, such as quartz, that produces a potential difference across its opposite faces when under mechanical stress.
In 1935 tobacco mosaic virus became the first virus to be crystallized
Brazilian trigonal hematite crystal
Hematite, also spelled as haematite, is a common iron oxide compound with the formula, Fe2O3 and is widely found in rocks and soils. Hematite crystals belong to the rhombohedral lattice system which is designated the alpha polymorph of Fe2O3.
The effects of alternating and pulsed fields on the electric birefringence in a colloided system of magnetite particles suspended in kerosene are studied. The permanent dipole moment is found to substantially influence the orientation of magnetite particles in alternating fields with frequencies of higher than 15 Hz. The mechanism for the generation of the permanent dipole moments in magnetite colloidal particles suspended in low-conductivity liquids is discussed.
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Magnetic nanomaterials, generally smaller than 50 nm, exhibit magnetic properties that are very different when compared to the bulk material (Cho et al. 2006, Laurent et al. 2008, Lu et al. 2007, Sun et al. 2008).
The decrease in the particle size leads to an increase in the reactivity of magnetic nanoparticles, and their magnetic properties are dominated by surface effects and superparamagnetism (Lu et al. 2007, Ban et al. 2005, Cho et al. 2006, Lin et al. 2001).
Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) in the form of maghemite (γ-Fe2O3) or magnetite (Fe3O4) have attracted much interest, and they have been employed in potential applications such as magnetic drug delivery, targeting and imaging of cancer cells, hyperthermia for the treatment of solid tumors, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (Sun et al. 2008, Gao et al. 2009, Gupta and Gupta 2005, Laurent et al. 2008, Lu et al. 2007, McBain et al. 2008, Wu et al. 2008).
The biomedical applications of SPIONs strongly depend upon their stability in physiological solutions and the capability of their surfaces to be chemically functionalized. In order to enhance their stability, dispersibility, and functionality compared to naked magnetic nanoparticles, SPIONs have been coated with organic molecules such as macrocyclic surfactants and polymers or inorganic shells (Gao et al. 2009, Gupta and Gupta 2005, Laurent et al. 2008, Lu et al. 2007, Sun et al. 2008, Wu et al. 2008).
Despite extensive studies on polymer or silica-coated magnetic nanoparticles, there are limited reports on the coating of SPIONs with metallic shells. Gold (Au) and silver (Ag) are ideal and attractive metallic materials for deposition, due to their low reactivity, high chemical stability, and biocompatibility.
A plasmonic material is a material that exploits surface plasmon resonance effects to achieve optical properties not seen in nature.. .
global warming
noun
a gradual increase in the overall temperature of the earth's atmosphere generally attributed to the greenhouse effect caused by increased levels of carbon dioxide, CFCs, and other pollutants.
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What differentiates these particles from normal surface plasmons is that plasmonic nanoparticles also exhibit interesting scattering, absorbance, and coupling properties based on their geometries and relative positions.[3][4]
These unique properties have made them a focus of research in many applications including solar cells, spectroscopy, signal enhancement for imaging, and cancer treatment.[5][6] Their high sensitivity also identifies them as good candidates for designing mechano-optical instrumentation.[7]
Plasmons are the oscillations of free electrons that are the consequence of the formation of a dipole in the material due to electromagnetic waves.
The electrons migrate in the material to restore its initial state; however, the light waves oscillate, leading to a constant shift in the dipole that forces the electrons to oscillate at the same frequency as the light.
This coupling only occurs when the frequency of the light is equal to or less than the plasma frequency and is greatest at the plasma frequency that is therefore called the resonant frequency.
The scattering and absorbance cross-sections describe the intensity of a given frequency to be scattered or absorbed. Many fabrication processes or chemical synthesis methods exist for preparation of such nanoparticles, depending on the desired size and geometry.
The nanoparticles can form clusters (the so-called "plasmonic molecules") and interact with each other to form cluster states.
The symmetry of the nanoparticles and the distribution of the electrons within them can affect a type of bonding or antibonding character between the nanoparticles similarly to molecular orbitals.
Since light couples with the electrons, polarized light can be used to control the distribution of the electrons and alter the mulliken term symbol for the irreducible representation.
