Post-translational modifications (PTMs) are important components in signaling transductions, which affect the activity of proteins in signaling pathways. Phosphorylation is the most common PTM. The other PTMs include acetylation, methylation, glycosylation, lipidation, nitrosylation and ubiquitination.

In signaling pathways, proteins exist in two states: activated and inactivated, which are generally under the regulation PTMs. PTMs mediate signaling transductions during cell proliferation and differentiation, immune response, metabolism, apoptosis, etc. Any dysregulation of PTMs in the cells leads to different levels of functional failures. Thus, learning how protein PTMs modulate signaling pathways are of great importance. https://www.cd-biosciences.com/ptm-enzymes.html