So a solid lipid nanoparticle (Pfizer vaccine) can be used as a microlens array for optogenetic stimulation of the brain.
Praying for President Donald J Trump & all those souls dedicating themselves to saving the world from those who seek to destroy us.
🙏 Dear God protect us
Go (D+D) es S
A D D
ADDED TOGETHER
God bless.
Fig. 1 Schematic illustration of the single mode fiber delivered OAM beam. Light is coupled through a single mode fiber and passes through a spiral phase plate at the fiber tip which creates a beam with a helical phase front.
Fig. 1. Simulation of the confined modes in the device for a 2.5 µm diameter cavity and a 0.95 µm waveguide. (a) Intensity of the 𝑥
(𝑦) electric field component for the 𝑥(𝑦)
-polarized confined cavity mode. The two modes, split by 0.05 nm and overlapping by 92%, have different strengths but similar spatial extent. (b) Far-field image of the device with the cavity in the center when pumped from the side, as illustrated in (c) and (d). The far field is on a half-sphere calculated at 1 m distance from the device and is plotted in polar coordinates. The intensity does not match the common intensity scale on the right. The intensity of the total scattered light to the top is less than 10−4. (c), (d) Electric field propagating in the waveguide at the height of the quantum dots, injected on the left into the fundamental eigenmodes of the waveguide; (c) is polarized along the 𝑦
and (d) along 𝑧 direction.
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In optics, a Gaussian beam is a beam of electromagnetic radiation with high monochromaticity whose amplitude envelope in the transverse plane is given by a Gaussian function; this also implies a Gaussian intensity (irradiance) profile. This fundamental (or TEM00) transverse Gaussian mode describes the intended output of most (but not all) lasers, as such a beam can be focused into the most concentrated spot. When such a beam is refocused by a lens, the transverse phase dependence is altered; this results in a different Gaussian beam. The electric and magnetic field amplitude profiles along any such circular Gaussian beam (for a given wavelength and polarization) are determined by a single parameter: the so-called waist w0. At any position z relative to the waist (focus) along a beam having a specified w0, the field amplitudes and phases are thereby determined[1] as detailed below.
The Gaussian beam is a transverse electromagnetic (TEM) mode.[4] The mathematical expression for the electric field amplitude is a solution to the paraxial Helmholtz equation.[1] Assuming polarization in the x direction and propagation in the +z direction, the electric field in phasor (complex) notation is given by:
where[1][5]
r is the radial distance from the center axis of the beam,
z is the axial distance from the beam's focus (or "waist"),
i is the imaginary unit,
k = 2πn/λ is the wave number (in radians per meter) for a free-space wavelength λ, and n is the index of refraction of the medium in which the beam propagates,
E0 = E(0, 0), the electric field amplitude (and phase) at the origin (r = 0, z = 0),
w(z) is the radius at which the field amplitudes fall to 1/e of their axial values (i.e., where the intensity values fall to 1/e2 of their axial values), at the plane z along the beam,
w0 = w(0) is the waist radius,
R(z) is the radius of curvature of the beam's wavefronts at z, and
ψ(z) is the Gouy phase at z, an extra phase term beyond that attributable to the phase velocity of light.
The Gaussian function has a 1/e2 diameter (2w as used in the text) about 1.7 times the FWHM.
When a gaussian beam propagates through a thin lens, the outgoing beam is also a (different) gaussian beam, provided that the beam travels along the cylindrical symmetry axis of the lens. The focal length of the lens
f
f, the beam waist radius
w
0
w_{0}, and beam waist position
z
0
z_{0} of the incoming beam can be used to determine the beam waist radius
w
0
′
{displaystyle w_{0}'} and position
z
0
′
{displaystyle z_{0}'} of the outgoing beam.
An optical trap is formed by tightly focusing a laser beam with an objective lens of high numerical aperture (NA). A dielectric particle near the focus will experience a force due to the transfer of momentum from the scattering of incident photons.
In this work, we present a structured light laser23 capable of producing vortex laser arrays with a topology that is directly tailored at the source. Just as in a broad-area laser, our gain medium has a large transverse cross-section supporting many transverse modes. Instead of allowing these modes to structurally self-organize in the resonator, we force them to form a lattice of a hundred laser beams by inserting a mask that modulates the phase and amplitude of the field24,25.
The phase profile is designed to impart arbitrary OAM values to each beam of the lattice; consequently, we artificially introduce an amount of OAM in the system that must be conserved. This effectively partitions the resonator into two sections—one on either side of the OAM-transforming mask— each emitting a laser array imbued with a different topological charge. We spatially couple the vortices using a non-Hermitian mechanism that introduces dissipative losses in the resonator, making the system stable and coherent, and resulting in a ‘crystallization’ of the array phase.
The coupling network is not limited to the nearest neighbours as for arrays of Gaussian lasers with no topological charge, but instead can be tailored to mix vortices that are widely separated in the lattice. Although different schemes for generating a single vortex inside a resonator have been demonstrated19,26,27,28,29,30, this work accomplishes the conditions for generating vortex laser arrays in a single cavity, realizing a platform to explore complex topological transformations and collective vortex effects at the source.
Vortex laser arrays with topological charge control and self-healing of defects | Nature Photonics
Geometric arrays of vortices found in various systems owe their regular structure to mutual interactions within a confined system. In optics, such vortex crystals may form spontaneously within a resonator. Their crystallization is relevant in many areas of physics, although their usefulness is limit..
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41566-022-00986-0
In this investigation a VOC was implemented using a misaligned Sagnac interferometer, as shown conceptually in Fig. 1(a). This is a common path interferometer, which makes it robust to environmental perturbations and the interference condition works at any input wavelength. In a Sagnac interferometer, consisting of a 50/50 beamsplitter (BS) and turning mirrors (M1–M3), the input beam is split into equal parts and propagate in opposite directions around the ring. For the aligned case, upon recombination at the BS the beams destructively interfere in the transmission direction due to a relative π phase difference, so the input beam is totally reflected. Instead, the conditions to transmit a vortex beam can be obtained by unbalancing the Sagnac interferometer [18].
