What are triggers for epilepsy?
Missed medication, lack of sleep, stress, alcohol, and menstruation are some of the most common triggers, but there are many more. Flashing lights can cause seizures in some people, but it's much less frequent than you might imagine.

I have a seizure disorder...came on when I was 12. I dont have many and medication controls them but the main teigger for me has been stress.

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https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780323399814000129

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1751523/

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18972531/

Electron paramagnetic resonance or electron spin resonance spectroscopy is a method for studying materials that have unpaired electrons. The basic concepts of EPR are analogous to those of nuclear magnetic resonance, but the spins excited are those of the electrons instead of the atomic nuclei.

diamagnetic
/ˌdʌɪəmaɡˈnɛtɪk/m
PHYSICS

(of a substance or body) tending to become magnetized in a direction at 180° to the applied magnetic field.

Diamagnetic materials are slightly repelled by a magnetic field and do not retain the magnetic properties when the external field is removed. Paramagnetic materials are slightly attracted by a magnetic field and do not retain the magnetic properties when the external field is removed.

Since the structures of biological cells are magnetically and mechanically inhomogeneous, the application of a homogeneous magnetic field may cause redistribution of stresses within cells, deformation of intracellular structures, change of membrane permeability, etc.

Covalent bonding occurs when pairs of electrons are shared by atoms. Atoms will covalently bond with other atoms in order to gain more stability, which is gained by forming a full electron shell. By sharing their outer most (valence) electrons, atoms can fill up their outer electron shell and gain stability.

A covalent bond consists of the mutual sharing of one or more pairs of electrons between two atoms. These electrons are simultaneously attracted by the two atomic nuclei. A covalent bond forms when the difference between the electronegativities of two atoms is too small for an electron transfer to occur to form ions.

The electron carriers take the electrons to a group of proteins in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion, called the electron transport chain. As electrons move through the electron transport chain, they go from a higher to a lower energy level and are ultimately passed to oxygen (forming water).

Electron 'sharing' occurs when the electrons in the outermost electron shell, or valence shell electrons, from one atom can be used to complete the outermost electron shell of another atom without being permanently transferred, as occurs in the formation of an ion.

The increasing use of nanoparticles in medicine has raised concerns over their ability to gain access to privileged sites in the body. Here, we show that cobalt–chromium nanoparticles (29.5 ± 6.3 nm in diameter) can damage human fibroblast cells across an intact cellular barrier without having to cross the barrier.

A tumor is a solid mass of tissue that forms when abnormal cells group together. Tumors can affect bones, skin, tissue, organs and glands. Many tumors are not cancer (they're benign).

tumour
/ˈtjuːmə/

noun: tumor
a swelling of a part of the body, generally without inflammation, caused by an abnormal growth of tissue, whether benign or malignant.
a swelling of any kind.

Tissue studies indicate that nanoparticles, engineered materials about a billionth of a meter in size, could damage DNA and lead to cancer, according to research presented at the 2007 Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research.

Brain tumor is a common cause of epilepsy. About 5% of new epilepsy patients have brain tumor, and about 10% of epilepsy with focal seizures are caused by brain tumor [8]. BTRE is a multi-factorial condition with unclear physiological mechanisms.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3390942/

Metamaterials with a negative refractive index could be used in super-resolution imaging or cloaking, but they are very hard to make because the structural elements must be much smaller than the wavelength of light. For visible wavelengths, that means that the elements must be 100 nm or smaller

by M Jayaweera · 2020 · Cited by 890 — Most viruses, including SARS-CoV-2, are less than 100 nm in size...

Metamaterials are composites designed to have a negative index of refraction, which imparts the extraordinary capability to bend light away from or around an object made from or coated with the material.

The average human brain contains about 120 billion neurons, which constantly receive and send information through branch-like appendages called dendrites. Chemical or electrical signals that reach the dendrites produce small voltage changes across the cell's membrane, which are routed to the cell body.

Neurons use both electrical charges and chemicals called ions to communicate with each other. We say that neurons have an electrochemical charge, and this charge changes, depending on whether the neuron is at rest or is sending a signal.

In electromagnetism, there are two kinds of dipoles:

An electric dipole deals with the separation of the positive and negative charges found in any electromagnetic system. A simple example of this system is a pair of electric charges of equal magnitude but opposite sign separated by some typically small distance. (A permanent electric dipole is called an electret.)

A magnetic dipole is the closed circulation of an electric current system. A simple example is a single loop of wire with constant current through it. A bar magnet is an example of a magnet with a permanent magnetic dipole moment.

An ion channel is a hydrophilic channel surrounded by pore‐forming and non‐pore‐forming subunits on the plasma membrane or organelle membrane. These ordered arrayed proteins form a tunnel that allows ions to undergo transmembrane migration

Free radicals are oxygen-containing molecules with an uneven number of electrons. The uneven number allows them to easily react with other molecules. Free radicals can cause large chain chemical reactions in your body because they react so easily with other molecules. These reactions are called oxidation.

The generation of radical species in aqueous solution by photoirradiation of CdS, CdSe, and CdsE/ZnS quantum dots (QD), was investigated. Two independent methods such as EPR spectroscopy and a radical-specific highly sensitive fluorimetric assay was used to measure and identify any photogenerated radical species. CdS QDs were synthesized in a reverse-micellar medium while the CdSe QDs were synthesized according to the method of Peng and Peng. The CdSe QDs were then coated with hexamethyl-disilathiane and diethylzinc to produce CdSe/ZnS QDs. A fluorescence spectroscopy assay based on the specific trapping of hydroxyl radical by terepthalate anions was used to verify the hypothesis drawn from the EPR data. It was found that semiconductor quantum dots produce free radicals upon UV irradiation in aqueous solution with two independent methods. The results show that with two independent methods that semiconductor quantum dots produce free radicals upon UV radiation in aqueous solutions.

free radical

(free RA-dih-kul)
A type of unstable molecule that is made during normal cell metabolism (chemical changes that take place in a cell). Free radicals can build up in cells and cause damage to other molecules, such as DNA, lipids, and proteins. This damage may increase the risk of cancer and other diseases.

Single-electron mechanisms involve the formation and subsequent reaction of free radical species, highly unstable intermediates that contain an unpaired electron. Free radicals are often formed from homolytic cleavage, an event in which the two electrons in a breaking covalent bond move in opposite directions.

The dissociation of molecular chlorine (Cl2) is a good example. This occurs when Cl2 is heated strongly or when it is illuminated by bright light. This is called "homolytic" bond cleavage since in the products the distribution of the electron pair is quite even.