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Iron contributes in Fenton's reaction and produces reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS cause to damage the macromolecules and organelles of the cell via oxidative stress.
Lipid peroxidation markers are elevated in autism, indicating that oxidative stress is increased in this disease. Levels of major antioxidant serum proteins, namely transferrin (iron-binding protein) and ceruloplasmin (copper-binding protein), are decreased in children with autism. There is a positive correlation between reduced levels of these proteins and loss of previously acquired language skills in children with autism. The alterations in ceruloplasmin and transferrin levels may lead to abnormal iron and copper metabolism in autism. The membrane phospholipids, the prime target of ROS, are also altered in autism. The levels of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) are decreased, and phosphatidylserine (PS) levels are increased in the erythrocyte membrane of children with autism as compared to their unaffected siblings. Several studies have suggested alterations in the activities of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase in autism.
Additionally, altered glutathione levels and homocysteine/methionine metabolism, increased inflammation, excitotoxicity, as well as mitochondrial and immune dysfunction have been suggested in autism. Furthermore, environmental and genetic factors may increase vulnerability to oxidative stress in autism. Taken together, these studies suggest increased oxidative stress in autism that may contribute to the development of this disease. A mechanism linking oxidative stress with membrane lipid abnormalities, inflammation, aberrant immune response, impaired energy metabolism and excitotoxicity, leading to clinical symptoms and pathogenesis of autism is proposed.
2. ROS-related redox mechanisms of nano-iron metal and nano-iron oxides
Successive one-electron or two-electron reduction of molecular oxygen to water in the aqueous solution yields a series of ROS such as superoxide radicals (O2−/HO2radical dot), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals (OHradical dot). Nano-iron metal and nano-iron oxides can be involved in these redox reactions as the reactant or catalyst via a homogeneous or heterogeneous means, based on dissolved iron species or solid surfaces, respectively. The standard reduction potentials (E0) of redox pairs covered in this review are cited from previous studies [13], [14], [15].
