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a Under the RHCP incidence, two main output lobes located at β16Β° and 58Β° carry co-polarization and cross-polarization respectively. b Under the RHEP incidence, four lobes appears at β35Β°, β16Β°, 0Β°, and 58Β° for LβL, RβR, LβR, and RβL channels respectively. c Under the LP incidence, four lobes are exhibited at β35Β°, β16Β°, 0Β°, and 58Β°. d Under the LHEP incidence, four lobes are shown at β35Β°, β16Β°, 0Β°, and 58Β°, which is opposite to that of RHEP incidence. e Under the LHCP incidence, only two main output lobes located at β35Β° and 0Β° carry co-polarization and cross-polarization, respectively.
polarization (n.)
1812, "state of having different properties on different sides," from polarize + -ation, and in part from French polarisation, noun of action from polariser. Figuratively from 1871; of social and political groups, "accentuation of differences," from 1945.
polarization
/pΙΚlΙrΚΙͺΛzeΙͺΚ(Ι)n/
noun: polarisation
1.
division into two sharply contrasting groups or sets of opinions or beliefs.
"the polarization of society between rich and poor"
2.
PHYSICS
the action of restricting the vibrations of a transverse wave, especially light, wholly or partially to one direction.
"changes in polarization of light passing through the atmosphere"
3.
PHYSICS
the action of causing something to acquire polarity.
"probes need to warm up to ensure proper polarization of the electrodes"
The electrode, or lead, is a thin, insulated wire inserted through a small opening in the skull and implanted into a specific brain area. The extension wire is also insulated and passed under the skin of the head, neck and shoulder, connecting the electrode to the internal pulse generator (IPG).
Nanoelectrochemistry is a branch of electrochemistry that investigates the electrical and electrochemical properties of materials at the nanometer size regime. Nanoelectrochemistry plays significant role in the fabrication of various sensors, and devices for detecting molecules at very low concentrations.
Two transport mechanisms are fundamental for nanoelectrochemistry: electron transfer and mass transport. The formulation of theoretical models allows to understand the role of the different species involved in the electrochemical reactions.
The electron transfer between the reactant and the nanoelectrode can be explained by the combination of various theories based on the Marcus theory.
Mass transport, that is the diffusion of the reactant molecules from the electrolyte bulk to the nanoelectrode, is influenced by the formation of a double electric layer at the electrode/electrolyte interface. At the nanoscale it is necessary to theorize a dynamic double electric layer which takes into account an overlap of the Stern layer and the diffuse layer.
Knowledge of the mechanisms involved allows to build computational models that combine the density functional theory with electron transfer theories and the dynamic double electric layer. In the field of molecular modelling, accurate models could predict the behaviour of the system as reactants, electrolyte or electrode change.
Nanoelectrodes are tiny electrodes made of metals or semiconducting materials having typical dimensions of 1-100 nm.
The resulting ultrathin sections show a cross-sectional view of the cells and viruses. In ultrathin sections of fixed tissues, coronavirus particles are β100 nm in diameter including their peplomer spikes and β80 nm in diameter excluding spikes (Figure 1, panel B).
