13 Bloodline families DEAD. ALL OF THEM. To be blunt GAME OVER........ Bless you DJT you Fooking LEGEND.......
When eveything is stripped from you and you are down om your knees, there is only one voice you hear.
Love
Hope it finds it way.
...he rode on hopefully
Steering a horse means walking or running with your horse. Like riding a bicycle, you have to move your body to control how your horse will walk or run. Every movement you make while on the horse determines what your horse will do.
stallion
/ˈstaljən/
Origin
Middle English: from an Anglo-Norman French variant of Old French estalon, from a derivative of a Germanic base shared by stall.
cause to stall
In cell biology, ion trapping is the build-up of a higher concentration of a chemical across a cell membrane due to the pKa value of the chemical and difference of pH across the cell membrane. This results in basic chemicals accumulating in acidic bodily fluids such as the cytosol, and acidic chemicals accumulating in basic fluids.
Small nonpolar molecules, such as O2 and CO2, are soluble in the lipid bilayer and therefore can readily cross cell membranes. Small uncharged polar molecules, such as H2O, also can diffuse through membranes, but larger uncharged polar molecules, such as glucose, cannot.
Viral membrane proteins attach the virus to the host cell, and promote fusion between viral and host cell membranes
Cell-cell fusion refers to the process by which two or more cells combine their plasma membranes to become a single hybrid cell containing DNA from each parent cell [1]. This fundamental biological process has been well documented in many organisms, including plants [2], yeast [3], C.
The interaction of cationic liposomes prepared using either dioleoyltrimethylammonium propane (DOTAP) or 3 beta-(N-(N',N'-dimethylaminoethane)carbamoyl)cholesterol (DC-CHOL) with model membranes and with cultured mammalian cells was examined using an assay developed for monitoring virus-cell fusion (Stegmann et al. (1993) Biochemistry 32, 11330-11337). Lipid mixing between cationic liposomes and liposomes composed of DOPE/dioleoylphosphatidylglycerol (DOPG) or dioleoylphosphatidylcholine (DOPC)/DOPG was insensitive to pH in the range of pH 4.5-7.0 and was not affected by sodium chloride concentration in the range of 0-150 mM. Lipid mixing was dependent on dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE), since cationic liposomes prepared using dioleoylphosphatidylcholine (DOPC) were incapable of lipid mixing with DOPC/DOPG liposomes.
The interaction of cationic liposomes with Hep G-2 and CHO D- cells was also studied. For both cell types, liposome-cell lipid mixing was rapid at 37 degrees C, beginning within minutes and continuing for up to 1 hour after uptake. The extent of lipid mixing was decreased at 15 degrees C, especially at later (> or = 20 min) time points. This suggests that at least part of the observed lipid mixing occurred after reaching cellular lysosomes. No lipid mixing was seen at 4 degrees C. Monensin inhibited lipid mixing between cationic liposomes and the cells, despite having no effect on liposome uptake. Inhibition of endocytic uptake of liposomes, either by incubation in hypertonic media or by depletion of cellular ATP with sodium azide and 2-deoxyglucose abolished liposome-cell fusion in both cell types. These data demonstrate that binding to the cell surface is insufficient for cationic liposome-cell fusion and that uptake into the endocytic pathway is required for fusion to occur.
Cationic liposomes (CL) are widely used vectors for gene transfer. Recently, ultrasound (US) was reported to enhance liposome-mediated gene transfer to eucaryotic cells in culture.
